Egypt

Introduction

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Background:

Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.

Egypt

Geography

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Location:

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip

Geographic coordinates:

27 00 N, 30 00 E

Map references:

Africa

Area:

total:  1,001,450 sq km land:  995,450 sq km water:  6,000 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:

total:  2,689 km border countries:  Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km

Coastline:

2,450 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:  24 NM continental shelf:  200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone:  200 NM territorial sea:  12 NM

Climate:

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Terrain:

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Elevation extremes:

lowest point:  Qattara Depression -133 m highest point:  Mount Catherine 2,629 m

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Land use:

arable land:  2% permanent crops:  0% permanent pastures:  0% forests and woodland:  0% other:  98% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:

32,460 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:

periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms

Environment - current issues:

agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources

Environment - international agreements:

party to:  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified:  Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees

Egypt

People

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Population:

69,536,644 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years:  34.59% (male 12,313,585; female 11,739,072) 15-64 years:  61.6% (male 21,614,284; female 21,217,978) 65 years and over:  3.81% (male 1,160,967; female 1,490,758) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.69% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:

24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:

7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth:  1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years:  1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years:  1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over:  0.78 male(s)/female total population:  1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

60.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:  63.69 years male:  61.62 years female:  65.85 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.07 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.02% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

NA

Nationality:

noun:  Egyptian(s) adjective:  Egyptian

Ethnic groups:

Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

Religions:

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%

Languages:

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Literacy:

definition:  age 15 and over can read and write total population:  51.4% male:  63.6% female:  38.8% (1995 est.)

Egypt

Government

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Country name:

conventional long form:  Arab Republic of Egypt conventional short form:  Egypt local long form:  Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah local short form:  Misr former:  United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Government type:

republic

Capital:

Cairo

Administrative divisions:

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

Independence:

28 February 1922 (from UK)

National holiday:

Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

Constitution:

11 September 1971

Legal system:

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:

chief of state:  President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981) head of government:  Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999) cabinet:  Cabinet appointed by the president elections:  president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president election results:  national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term

Legislative branch:

bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms) elections:  People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA) election results:  People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:

Supreme Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:

Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA] note:  formation of political parties must be approved by government

Political pressure groups and leaders:

despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

International organization participation:

ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador Nabil FAHMY chancery:  3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:  [1] (202) 895-5400 FAX:  [1] (202) 244-4319, 5131 consulate(s) general:  Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador C. David WELCH (since 3 Aug. 2001) embassy:  5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo mailing address:  Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900 telephone:  [20] (2) 797-3300 FAX:  [20] (2) 797-3200

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band

Egypt

Economy

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Economy - overview:

A series of IMF arrangements - along with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf war coalition - helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance during the 1990s. Sound fiscal and monetary policies through the mid-1990s helped to tame inflation, slash budget deficits, and build up foreign reserves, while structural reforms such as privatization and new business legislation prompted increased foreign investment. By mid-1998, however, the pace of structural reform slackened, and lower combined hard currency earnings resulted in pressure on the Egyptian pound and sporadic US dollar shortages. External payments were not in crisis, but Cairo's attempts to curb demand for foreign exchange convinced some investors and currency traders that government financial operations lacked transparency and coordination. Monetary pressures have since eased, however, with the 1999-2000 higher oil prices, a rebound in tourism, and a series of mini-devaluations of the pound. The development of a gas export market is a major plus factor in future growth.

GDP:	purchasing power parity - $247 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture:  17% industry:  32% services:  51% (1999)

Population below poverty line:

22.9% (FY95/96 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%:  4.4% highest 10%:  25% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3% (2000)

Labor force:

19.9 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture 29%, services 49%, industry 22% (FY99)

Unemployment rate:

11.5% (2000 est.)

Budget:

revenues:  $22.6 billion expenditures:  $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99)

Industries:

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals

Industrial production growth rate:

2.1% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:

64.685 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel:  76.59% hydro:  23.41% nuclear:  0% other:  0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:

60.157 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats

Exports:

$7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:

crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals

Exports - partners:

EU 35%, Middle East 17%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, US 12% (1999)

Imports:

$17 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels

Imports - partners:

EU 36%, US 14%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, Middle East 6% (1999)

Debt - external:

$31 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

ODA, $2.25 billion (1999)

Currency:

Egyptian pound (EGP)

Currency code:

EGP

Exchange rates:

Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January 2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

Egypt

Communications

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Telephones - main lines in use:

3,971,500 (December 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

380,000 (1999)

Telephone system:

general assessment:  large system; underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and cellular service are available domestic:  principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay international:  satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios:

20.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

98 (September 1995)

Televisions:

7.7 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.eg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

50 (2000)

Internet users:

300,000 (2000)

Egypt

Transportation

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Railways:

total:  4,955 km standard gauge:  4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 1,560 km double-track) (2000)

Highways:

total:  64,000 km paved:  50,000 km unpaved:  14,000 km (1996)

Waterways:

3,500 km note:  including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water

Pipelines:

crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Ports and harbors:

Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez

Merchant marine:

total:  181 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,336,678 GRT/1,982,220 DWT ships by type:  bulk 23, cargo 61, container 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 61, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

Airports:

90 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total:  69 over 3,047 m:  12 2,438 to 3,047 m:  35 1,524 to 2,437 m:  17 914 to 1,523 m:  2 under 914 m:  3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total:  21 2,438 to 3,047 m:  2 1,524 to 2,437 m:  2 914 to 1,523 m:  7 under 914 m:  10 (2000 est.)

Heliports:

2 (2000 est.)

Egypt

Military

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Military branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military manpower - military age:

20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15-49:  18,562,994 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15-49:  12,020,059 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males:  712,983 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$4.04 billion (FY99/00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

4.1% (FY99/00)

Egypt

Transnational Issues

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Disputes - international:

Egypt asserts its claim to the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899

Illicit drugs:

a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers