Burundi

Introduction

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Background:

Between 1993 and 2000, wide-spread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions in Burundi created hundreds of thousands of refugees and left tens of thousands dead. Although some refugees have returned from neighboring countries, continued ethnic strife has forced many others to flee. Burundian troops, seeking to secure their borders, have intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Burundi

Geography

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Location:

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates:

3 30 S, 30 00 E

Map references:

Africa

Area:

total:  27,830 sq km land:  25,650 sq km water:  2,180 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:

total:  974 km border countries:  Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none (landlocked)

Climate:

equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January

Terrain:

hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains

Elevation extremes:

lowest point:  Lake Tanganyika 772 m highest point:  Mount Heha 2,670 m

Natural resources:

nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower

Land use:

arable land:  44% permanent crops:  9% permanent pastures:  36% forests and woodland:  3% other:  8% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:

140 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:

flooding, landslides, drought

Environment - current issues:

soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements:

party to:  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified:  Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note:

landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile

Burundi

People

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Population:

6,223,897 note:  estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years:  46.82% (male 1,472,618; female 1,441,548) 15-64 years:  50.37% (male 1,541,131; female 1,593,743) 65 years and over:  2.81% (male 71,984; female 102,873) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.38% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:

40.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:

16.36 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth:  1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years:  1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years:  0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over:  0.7 male(s)/female total population:  0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

70.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:  46.06 years male:  45.15 years female:  46.99 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.16 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

11.32% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

360,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

39,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:

noun:  Burundian(s) adjective:  Burundi

Ethnic groups:

Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Religions:

Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%

Languages:

Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Literacy:

definition:  age 15 and over can read and write total population:  35.3% male:  49.3% female:  22.5% (1995 est.)

Burundi

Government

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Country name:

conventional long form:  Republic of Burundi conventional short form:  Burundi local long form:  Republika y'u Burundi local short form:  Burundi former:  Urundi

Government type:

republic

Capital:

Bujumbura

Administrative divisions:

16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi

Independence:

1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Constitution:

13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents

Legal system:

based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:

chief of state:  President Pierre BUYOYA (a Tutsi, was sworn in as president of a transition government on 1 November 2001; he is scheduled to hold office for 18 months before transferring power to his Vice President, a Hutu); Vice President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 1 November 2001) head of government:  President Pierre BUYOYA (a Tutsi, was sworn in as president of a transition government on 1 November 2001; he is scheduled to hold office for 18 months before transferring power to his Vice President, a Hutu); Vice President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 1 November 2001) cabinet:  Council of Ministers appointed by president elections:  NA; current president first assumed power following a coup on 25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (121 seats; note - new Transitional Constitution expanded the number of seats from 81 to 121 in 1998; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve five-year terms) elections:  last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but suspended by presidential decree in 1996) election results:  percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, various other parties 40

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)

Political parties and leaders:

Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president] note:  A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Loosely organized Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Tutsi extremist parties

International organization participation:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador Thomas NDIKUMANA chancery:  Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone:  [1] (202) 342-2574 FAX:  [1] (202) 342-2578

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador Mary Carlin YATES embassy:  Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura mailing address:  B. P. 1720, Bujumbura telephone:  [257] 223454 FAX:  [257] 222926

Flag description:

divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)

Burundi

Economy

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Economy - overview:

Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports therefore rests largely on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market. Since October 1993 the nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the death of perhaps 250,000 persons and the displacement of about 800,000 others. Only one in four children go to school, and one in nine adults has HIV/AIDS. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in short supply.

GDP:	purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1.8% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $720 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture:  50% industry:  18% services:  32% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:

36.2% (1990 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%:  3.4% highest 10%:  26.6% (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

22% (2000 est.)

Labor force:

1.9 million

Labor force - by occupation:

NA

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues:  $125 million expenditures:  $176 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Industries:

light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing

Industrial production growth rate:

6.3% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:

141 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel:  0.71% hydro:  99.29% nuclear:  0% other:  0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:

160.1 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:

29 million kWh note:  supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999)

Agriculture - products:

coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides

Exports:

$32 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:

coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Exports - partners:

Germany 17%, Belgium 14%, US 8%, France 6%, Switzerland 4% (1999)

Imports:

$110 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:

capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:

Belgium 20%, Zambia 11%, Kenya 8%, South Africa 5%, France 4% (1999)

Debt - external:

$1.12 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

$1.344 billion (1999 est.)

Currency:

Burundi franc (BIF)

Currency code:

BIF

Exchange rates:

Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75 (1996)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Burundi

Communications

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Telephones - main lines in use:

16,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

619 (1997)

Telephone system:

general assessment:  primitive system domestic:  sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay international:  satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:

440,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

1 (1999)

Televisions:

25,000 (1997)

Internet country code:

.bi

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

1 (2000)

Internet users:

2,000 (2000)

Burundi

Transportation

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Railways:

0 km

Highways:

total:  14,480 km paved:  1,028 km unpaved:  13,452 km (1996)

Waterways:

Lake Tanganyika

Ports and harbors:

Bujumbura

Airports:

4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total:  1 over 3,047 m:  1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total:  3 914 to 1,523 m:  3 (2000 est.)

Burundi

Military

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Military branches:

Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie

Military manpower - military age:

16 years of age

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15-49:  1,394,273 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15-49:  728,326 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males:  79,360 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$57 million (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

6.1% (FY97)

Burundi

Transnational Issues

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Disputes - international:

none